Multi-agent debate

Three agents take positions, a quorum decides. Built on consensus + a shared blackboard.

This recipe runs N agents in parallel on the same question, each taking a different stance, then asks a coordinator to reach a quorum decision. The shared blackboard lets agents see each other's reasoning across rounds.

Primitives used

agent() per stance
blackboard() for shared typed state across agents
createConsensus() from @use-crux/core/agent for parallel voting + quorum

When to reach for this pattern

A question has multiple defensible answers and you want diverse takes before committing
You need higher-confidence answers than a single LLM call provides
The marginal cost of N parallel calls is acceptable for the quality lift

Full code

import { agent, blackboard, createConsensus } from "@use-crux/core/agent";
import { prompt } from "@use-crux/core";
import { generate } from "@use-crux/ai";
import { openai } from "@ai-sdk/openai";
import { z } from "zod";

const VoteSchema = z.object({
  position: z.enum(["ship", "hold", "rework"]),
  reasoning: z.string(),
  confidence: z.number().min(0).max(1),
});

// Shared state across the parallel agents
const debateBoard = blackboard({
  id: "release-debate",
  schema: z.object({
    proposal: z.string(),
    risks: z.array(z.string()).default([]),
  }),
});

const optimist = agent({
  id: "optimist",
  prompt: prompt({
    use: [debateBoard],
    input: z.object({ proposal: z.string() }),
    output: VoteSchema,
    system:
      "You favor shipping. Argue for ship unless there is a clear blocker.",
    prompt: ({ input }) => input.proposal,
  }),
});

const skeptic = agent({
  id: "skeptic",
  prompt: prompt({
    use: [debateBoard],
    input: z.object({ proposal: z.string() }),
    output: VoteSchema,
    system: "You favor caution. Identify risks. Lean toward hold or rework.",
    prompt: ({ input }) => input.proposal,
  }),
});

const pragmatist = agent({
  id: "pragmatist",
  prompt: prompt({
    use: [debateBoard],
    input: z.object({ proposal: z.string() }),
    output: VoteSchema,
    system: "You weigh shipping value vs risk. No bias either way.",
    prompt: ({ input }) => input.proposal,
  }),
});

const consensus = createConsensus({
  executor: (agent, opts) => generate(agent.prompt, opts),
});

await debateBoard.patch({
  proposal: "Release auth v2 next Tuesday",
  risks: [],
});

const decision = await consensus({
  id: "multi-agent-debate-consensus-1",
  agents: [optimist, skeptic, pragmatist],
  model: openai("gpt-4o"),
  input: { proposal: "Release auth v2 next Tuesday" },
  extract: (r) => r.output.position, // pull the vote value from each agent's result
  quorum: "majority", // 'majority' | 'unanimous' | number, number = at least N votes
});

decision.result; // 'ship' | 'hold' | 'rework', the winning position
decision.votes; // { ship: 2, hold: 1 }, breakdown by value
decision.agreement; // 0.67, winner count / total
decision.details; // AgentResult[], every agent's full result with reasoning

How it works

Three agents, three stances. Each has a system message that tilts its prior. Same input schema, same output schema (VoteSchema).
The blackboard is shared. All three see the same proposal and accumulating risks. Because the prompt uses use: [debateBoard], Crux also exposes focused blackboard tools so agents can surface risks for the next round.
createConsensus() runs them in parallel. All three generate() calls happen concurrently; you wait for the slowest.
extract pulls the vote value from each agent's result; consensus tallies them and applies the quorum rule. If quorum isn't met, consensus() throws ConsensusError with the vote breakdown: the caller decides whether to escalate, retry with different agents, or fall back.

Variations

Multi-round debate

Loop the consensus call N times, letting agents see prior rounds via the blackboard. Catch ConsensusError to detect missed quorums and append risks before retrying:

import { ConsensusError } from "@use-crux/core/agent";

for (let round = 0; round < 3; round++) {
  try {
    return await consensus({
      /* ... */
    });
  } catch (err) {
    if (!(err instanceof ConsensusError)) throw err;
    // Append risks surfaced from each agent's reasoning to the board for the next round
    await debateBoard.patch({
      risks: [...board.risks, ...extractRisksFromAgents(err)],
    });
  }
}

Scoring instead of voting

Replace the discriminator vote with a numeric score, then reduce by averaging or median. Useful when "which option" is less interesting than "how good is this one option."

Multi-agent debate

Primitives used

When to reach for this pattern

Full code

How it works

Variations

Multi-round debate

Scoring instead of voting

Where to next

Compositions: Consensus

Blackboards

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